assembly_inject

Documentation Index

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Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

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Summary

• Needs Admin: False (but injection into certain processes may require elevated privileges)
• Version: 3
• Author: @djhohnstein

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Arguments

• pid (Number) - Process ID of the target process to inject into
• assembly_name (ChooseOne) - Name of the .NET assembly registered with register_file command (e.g., Seatbelt.exe)
• assembly_arguments (String, optional) - Command-line arguments to pass to the assembly during execution

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Arguments (Positional or Popup)

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Usage

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Example 1: Basic Assembly Injection

assembly_inject -PID 7344 -Assembly Seatbelt.exe -Arguments DotNet

Successfully injected assembly loader into PID 7344
Process injection artifact generated using CreateRemoteThread
Establishing named pipe communication: pipe_12345678-abcd-ef01-2345-6789abcdef01
Connected to injected loader, sending assembly data...
Assembly Seatbelt.exe loaded successfully
Executing with arguments: DotNet

=== Assembly Output ===
[Seatbelt output continues here...]

Assembly execution completed successfully

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Example 2: Assembly Without Arguments

assembly_inject -PID 4892 -Assembly SharpHound.exe

Successfully injected assembly loader into PID 4892
Process injection artifact generated using QueueUserAPC
Establishing named pipe communication: pipe_87654321-dcba-10fe-5432-ba9876543210
Connected to injected loader, sending assembly data...
Assembly SharpHound.exe loaded successfully
Executing with no arguments

=== Assembly Output ===
[SharpHound enumeration output...]

Assembly execution completed successfully

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Example 3: Injection Failure - Process Not Running

assembly_inject -PID 99999 -Assembly Seatbelt.exe

Error: Process with ID 99999 is not running.

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Example 4: Assembly Not Registered

assembly_inject -PID 7344 -Assembly UnknownTool.exe

Error: UnknownTool.exe is not loaded (have you registered it?)

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Example 5: Injection Failure - Access Denied

assembly_inject -PID 4 -Assembly Seatbelt.exe

Error: Failed to inject into PID 4

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Detailed Summary

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1. Parameter Validation and Preprocessing

• Assembly Registration Verification: Checks that the specified assembly name exists in the agent’s file store using _agent.GetFileManager().GetFileFromStore() which retrieves DPAPI-encrypted AES256 cached assemblies
• Process Validation: Verifies the target process ID corresponds to a running process using System.Diagnostics.Process.GetProcessById() with exception handling for non-existent PIDs
• Parameter Completeness Check: Ensures all required parameters (PID, assembly name, pipe name, loader stub ID) are provided through the AssemblyInjectParameters structure
• Assembly Arguments Processing: Handles optional assembly arguments, defaulting to empty string if not provided

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2. Injection Preparation and Stub Generation

• ExecuteAssembly.exe Compilation: If not already present, the handler compiles the ExecuteAssembly.exe loader stub from source using dotnet build with release configuration
• Donut Shellcode Generation: Uses the Donut framework to convert ExecuteAssembly.exe into position-independent shellcode with the pipe name as a parameter: donut.create(file=EXEECUTE_ASSEMBLY_PATH, params=taskData.args.get_arg("pipe_name"))
• Named Pipe Generation: Creates a unique named pipe identifier using uuid4() for secure inter-process communication
• File Registration: Registers the generated shellcode with Mythic’s file management system for download by the agent

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3. Process Injection Execution

var injector = _agent.GetInjectionManager().CreateInstance(exeAsmPic, parameters.PID);
if (injector.Inject())
{
    // Generate artifact and proceed with communication
}

• CreateRemoteThread: Standard remote thread creation injection
• QueueUserAPC (Early Bird): Asynchronous Procedure Call injection into process threads
• Syscall_x64.NtCreateThreadEx: Direct syscall-based thread creation for enhanced evasion

• Technique Selection: Uses the currently configured injection technique via get_injection_techniques/set_injection_technique
• Shellcode Injection: Injects the Donut-generated shellcode containing the ExecuteAssembly loader
• Execution Trigger: Initiates execution of the injected payload within the target process
• Artifact Generation: Creates a process injection artifact using Artifact.ProcessInject() for tracking and reporting

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4. Inter-Process Communication Setup

• Named Pipe Client Creation: Instantiates an AsyncNamedPipeClient connecting to “127.0.0.1” with the generated pipe name
• Event Handler Registration: Configures handlers for:
  • ConnectionEstablished: Starts sender and message flushing threads
  • MessageReceived: Processes assembly output messages
  • Disconnect: Handles cleanup and completion signaling
• Connection Establishment: Attempts to connect to the named pipe with a 10-second timeout using client.Connect(10000)
• Threading Model: Uses separate threads for data transmission (_sendAction) and message processing (_flushMessages)

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5. Assembly Data Transmission

IPCCommandArguments cmdargs = new IPCCommandArguments
{
    ByteData = assemblyBytes,
    StringData = string.IsNullOrEmpty(parameters.AssemblyArguments) ? "" : parameters.AssemblyArguments,
};

• Data Serialization: Uses JsonSerializer to convert command arguments into IPC format
• Data Chunking: Breaks large assemblies into manageable chunks using SerializeIPCMessage()
• Asynchronous Transmission: Sends data chunks asynchronously through the named pipe using BeginWrite()
• Flow Control: Uses AutoResetEvent signaling to coordinate data transmission between threads

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6. Assembly Execution and Output Handling

• Assembly Loading: The injected loader receives assembly bytes and loads them into the target process memory using Assembly.Load()
• Execution Context: Executes the assembly within the security and privilege context of the target process
• Output Streaming: Captures all console output from the assembly and streams it back through the named pipe
• Real-time Processing: Processes and displays output in real-time as it’s received from the injected process

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7. Message Processing and Output Management

private void Client_MessageReceived(object sender, NamedPipeMessageArgs e)
{
    IPCData d = e.Data;
    string msg = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(d.Data.Take(d.DataLength).ToArray());
    _assemblyOutput.Add(msg);
}

• Thread-Safe Collection: Uses ThreadSafeList<string> to safely collect output from multiple threads
• Periodic Flushing: The _flushMessages thread regularly flushes collected output to the task response queue with 1-second intervals
• UTF-8 Decoding: Properly decodes received message data from UTF-8 encoding
• Message Aggregation: Combines multiple message fragments into coherent output blocks

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8. Connection Lifecycle Management

• Connection Monitoring: Continuously monitors pipe connection status using ps.IsConnected and cancellation tokens
• Graceful Shutdown: Handles disconnection events through Client_Disconnect which closes pipes and sets completion events
• Resource Disposal: Properly closes pipe connections and disposes of resources via e.Pipe.Close()
• Completion Signaling: Uses AutoResetEvent objects (_complete) to coordinate completion between threads

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9. Error Handling and Recovery

• Process Validation Failures: Reports when target processes are not running or accessible with specific error messages
• Assembly Registration Issues: Identifies when assemblies are not registered with clear “have you registered it?” messaging
• Injection Failures: Handles and reports injection technique failures with process-specific error information
• Communication Failures: Manages named pipe connection failures with timeout handling
• Assembly Execution Errors: Captures and reports errors from assembly execution within the target process

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10. Artifact Generation and Tracking

• Process Injection Artifacts: Automatically generates artifacts documenting the injection event using Artifact.ProcessInject()
• Technique Documentation: Records the specific injection technique used for the operation
• Timeline Integration: Ensures artifacts are properly timestamped and associated with the task
• Audit Trail: Provides complete audit trail of injection activities for post-operation analysis

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MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

• T1055 - Process Injection
  • T1055.002 - Portable Executable Injection
  • T1055.004 - Asynchronous Procedure Call

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Technical Deep Dive

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ExecuteAssembly Loader Architecture

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Donut Shellcode Generation

# Python command handler generates shellcode using Donut
donutPic = donut.create(file=EXEECUTE_ASSEMBLY_PATH, params=taskData.args.get_arg("pipe_name"))

• Position Independence: Generates position-independent code that can execute from any memory location
• Parameter Embedding: Embeds the named pipe name directly into the shellcode for communication
• Self-Extraction: The shellcode automatically extracts and initializes the ExecuteAssembly loader
• Minimal Footprint: Optimized shellcode size for stealthy injection

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Named Pipe Communication Protocol

public class IPCCommandArguments
{
    public byte[] ByteData;    // Assembly binary data
    public string StringData;  // Command-line arguments
}

• Binary Data Support: Efficiently transfers large assembly binaries through ByteData
• Chunked Transmission: Breaks large data into manageable chunks via SerializeIPCMessage()
• Flow Control: Implements proper flow control using AutoResetEvent signaling
• Error Recovery: Handles partial transmission failures and connection issues

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Injection Technique Integration

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Supported Injection Techniques

1. CreateRemoteThread
   • Standard Windows API for remote thread creation
   • Widely supported across Windows versions
   • Good compatibility with most target processes
2. QueueUserAPC (Early Bird)
   • Asynchronous Procedure Call injection
   • Targets threads in alertable wait states
   • Effective for evading some detection mechanisms
3. Syscall_x64.NtCreateThreadEx
   • Direct syscall-based thread creation
   • Enhanced evasion through syscall usage
   • Bypasses some API hooking mechanisms

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Dynamic Technique Selection

// Technique selection managed through injection manager
var injector = _agent.GetInjectionManager().CreateInstance(shellcode, targetPID);
string techniqueName = _agent.GetInjectionManager().GetCurrentTechnique().Name;

• Configuration-Based: Uses the technique set via set_injection_technique
• Consistent Application: All post-exploitation jobs use the same configured technique
• Runtime Switching: Techniques can be changed between operations

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File Caching and Security

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DPAPI Encryption

// Files are cached using DPAPI encrypted AES256 blobs
_agent.GetFileManager().GetFileFromStore(assemblyName, out byte[] assemblyBytes)

• DPAPI Protection: Files are encrypted using Windows DPAPI (Data Protection API)
• AES256 Encryption: Additional AES256 encryption layer for enhanced security
• User-Specific: DPAPI ensures files are only accessible to the current user context
• Memory-Only: Assembly execution occurs entirely in memory without disk writes

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Cache Management

• Persistent Storage: Assemblies remain cached across agent restarts
• Efficient Retrieval: Fast retrieval through file manager interface
• Size Limitations: No size limitations on cached assemblies
• Cleanup: Cached files are properly cleaned up during agent termination

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Threading and Concurrency

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Asynchronous Operations

// Asynchronous pipe operations prevent blocking
pipe.BeginWrite(data, 0, data.Length, OnAsyncMessageSent, pipe);

• Sender Thread: Dedicated thread for data transmission (_sendAction)
• Receiver Thread: Automatic message processing through event handlers
• Flush Thread: Periodic output flushing (_flushMessages)
• Non-Blocking I/O: All pipe operations use asynchronous patterns

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Synchronization Mechanisms

• AutoResetEvent: Coordinates thread communication and completion
• ConcurrentQueue: Thread-safe queuing for message transmission
• ThreadSafeList: Secure collection of assembly output messages
• Cancellation Tokens: Proper cancellation support for long-running operations

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APIs Used and Their Purposes

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Security Considerations

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Process Selection Strategy

1. Target Process Choice: Select processes with appropriate privileges and stability (e.g., explorer.exe, svchost.exe)
2. Process Integrity: Avoid injecting into critical system processes that may cause system instability
3. User Context: Consider the security context of the target process for operation success
4. Detection Avoidance: Choose processes that are less likely to be monitored by security tools

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Assembly Security

1. DPAPI Protection: Assemblies are protected using DPAPI encryption while cached
2. Memory-Only Execution: Assembly execution occurs entirely in memory without disk writes
3. Dependency Management: Verify all assembly dependencies are available in the target process
4. Version Compatibility: Ensure assembly .NET Framework version compatibility with target process

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Communication Security

1. Pipe Name Randomization: Named pipes use UUID4 for cryptographically random names
2. Local Communication: Named pipes are bound to localhost (127.0.0.1) only
3. No Authentication: Named pipes do not implement additional authentication mechanisms
4. Data Integrity: No additional encryption is applied to pipe communications

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Injection Technique Security

1. Technique Diversity: Multiple injection techniques available to evade detection
2. Syscall Evasion: Syscall_x64.NtCreateThreadEx provides enhanced evasion capabilities
3. API Hooking Bypass: Direct syscalls can bypass some API monitoring solutions
4. Process Compatibility: Different techniques have varying compatibility with target processes

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Audit Trail Considerations

• Event 4688: Process creation events for spawned processes
• Event 4656: Object access events for process handles
• Sysmon Events: Modern detection solutions may generate additional events for injection activities
• ETW Tracing: Enhanced logging may capture injection-related activities

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Limitations

1. Assembly Dependencies: Assemblies with external dependencies may fail to load in the target process
2. Architecture Compatibility: x86/x64 architecture mismatches between agent and target process will cause failures
3. Process Permissions: Insufficient privileges may prevent injection into certain processes (e.g., SYSTEM processes)
4. Injection Technique Compatibility: Not all injection techniques work reliably with all process types
5. Assembly Registration: Assemblies must be pre-registered using register_file command before use
6. Named Pipe Limits: Windows has limits on concurrent named pipe connections
7. Memory Constraints: Extremely large assemblies may cause memory pressure in target processes
8. Framework Limitations: Target processes must have compatible .NET Framework versions loaded

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Troubleshooting

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Common Issues and Solutions

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Debugging Steps

1. Verify Process Status: Use ps command to confirm target process is running and note its architecture
2. Check Assembly Registration: Use register_file to ensure assembly is properly cached
3. Test Injection Technique: Use get_injection_techniques to verify current technique and try alternatives with set_injection_technique
4. Monitor System Resources: Check memory usage and process stability during operation
5. Review Injection Compatibility: Test with different target processes to identify compatibility issues
6. Validate Assembly: Test assembly execution with inline_assembly first to verify it works correctly

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Injection Technique Troubleshooting

• CreateRemoteThread: Most compatible but easily detected
• QueueUserAPC: Requires target process threads in alertable wait states
• Syscall_x64.NtCreateThreadEx: Best evasion but may have compatibility issues with some processes

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References

• Process Injection Techniques
• .NET Assembly Loading
• Windows Named Pipes
• Donut Shellcode Generator
• Apollo Agent Source Code
• Windows DPAPI
• Process Injection Detection